Collection

Value and commitment

The Museum of Photography structures its work around five fundamental strands:

Collecting / Conserving / Studying / Exhibiting / Educating

The collection department is responsible for managing the Museum’s first four strands. Its task is to sustain the heart of the institution: its collection. Its role consists of enriching it through the follow-up of gifts or one-off acquisitions. It has to ensure optimum conservation conditions meeting international museum standards. It needs to deepen its scientific knowledge through research and the publishing of catalogues. Lastly, the department is devoted to enhancing its collection through the permanent or temporary exhibition of its museum pieces.

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“To collect photographs is to collect the world”

Susan Sontag wrote in the first lines of a 1977 collection of essays “On Photography”.

Keeping evidence of our heritage and preserving the work of the creators who stand out as milestones in the history of the medium, with no concern for geographical boundaries, are the guiding principles of the collection of the Museum of Photography. In its early years of existence, the Museum was essentially enriched in the form of gifts of pictures related to the region and photographs of times past produced by photo enthusiasts or professional photographers. The collection is still composed on the basis of gifts, but also its own purchases or even works on loan, and continues to grow. Nowadays, it numbers 100,000 prints and 1,5 million negatives. The major collection of the Wallonia-Brussels Federation and the collection of the Province of Hainaut are among the collections of photographs consigned to the Museum. They both complement the Museum’s resources and form essential landmarks in the history of photography. The collection selection criteria concern the interest and the quality of the pictures, their representation value today while bearing in the mind that the Museum’s role is also to retain evidence, for the future, of the different uses of the medium in the society.

Our collection

A journey through the permanent collection, covering the history of photography from the pioneers up to contemporary creativity, takes in nearly 800 photographs. The creative, documentary and historical aspects exist side by side to sketch as broad a panorama as possible of both Belgian and international, historical and contemporary photography. The photographic journey is structured along two separate axes. In the former neo-Gothic Carmel, the display is chronological to show photography from the first 19th-century daguerreotypes up to the seventies. As for the new wing, it proposes a thematic approach to photography making it possible to address and crisscross the different periods around a same theme. Its wide spaces, in particular, mean that it offers the opportunity to exhibit the large sizes of contemporary creativity but also the many directions that photography would take at the dawn of the eighties.

The Museum’s camera collection reflects the history of photographic practice and its technique. Its cameras include those used for daguerreotypes, together with folding cameras, Polaroids, twin lenses, field and studio cameras, reflex cameras, disposable cameras and lastly, in recent years, digital cameras. If most of the cameras in the collection date from the 1940s to 1980s, digital photography is still under-represented in the collection as a whole.

The collection has become richer over time but two major contributions should be emphasised: the R.R. Belot collection, on loan from the City of Charleroi, and its 600 or so cameras to which another 60 will be added, as a gift from the Town of Soignies. In addition to the latter exhibits, the collection has grown larger with gifts from private individuals and one-off purchases.

Some of the outstanding museum pieces :

Magic Photoret, United States, 1893
Watch camera fitted with a meniscus lens mounted on a unique rotator shutter. It was capable of taking six shots ½ x ½ inch (12mm) in size on round sheet film 1¾ inches (45mm) in diameter.
Jumelle Photographique Carpentier, France, 1892.
This camera was called a jumelle camera. Jumelle means ‘twin’ in French, and by extension ‘binocular’ since it has two lenses. The term refers to the shape of the camera, tapered to resemble a truncated pyramid. One of the lenses serves the viewfinder and the other is for taking photos.
Polaroid Land Corporation, Model 95, United States, 1948.
This camera is the first model in a long series; it bears the name of its inventor: the American Edwin Land. It is the first of Land’s instant picture cameras. It could only produce a black and white photo until 1963 when Land developed a colour system. The film for taking the photo is composed of a paper negative, a sac containing developer and fixer and a roll of positive paper.
Rolleiflex Automat, Franke & Heidecke, Germany, 1935.
The Rolleiflex Standard by Franke & Heidecke uses a 120-mm film for twelve 6 x 6 cm square format photos. This camera played a considerable part in the history of photography. A major appeal of these cameras is the quality of their optics and the fact that they are solidly built. They were mainly used from 1930 to 1955 by press reporters and experienced enthusiasts. Their use was going to decline when 24x36 mm film appeared. The camera has two lenses: one is used in the viewfinder system and one for taking pictures. The latter combine to obtain simultaneous focusing.
Leica E, Germany, 1932.
Oskar Barnack was the German who completed the prototype of the early device that would become the still camera launched in 1925 and was produced to take the format of the 35 mm film: the Leica A. The Leica E is a development of this model.

The Museum’s collection numbers many photographic archives referred to as “holdings”. The latter correspond to a homogeneous group composed according to either their author or their type. These holdings provide coherent examples and the study of them sheds concrete light on some photographic practices.

Examples of holdings in our collection :

The collection of albums

The Museum’s collection contains about 350 albums, composed, over the years, of targeted purchases and gifts from anonymous donors or private individuals. With the exception of some commercial albums, family albums are particularly well represented. Such albums appeared in the second half of the 19th century. The album served a social function and was truly a showcase, and sometimes a luxurious one, displaying a willingness to put on a show in the presence of a passing visitor. Portraits were collected and inserted into albums intended for that purpose, referred to as carte de visite and cabinet card albums. As a result of the development of amateur photography at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries (Kodak generation), the album was no longer mainly a means to reflect social status and became more personal and intimate. Family, travel or landscape photographs took over from studio portraits. Completed or recomposed over the course of time, these albums sometimes cover several generations over a century of time. They give visibility to the family memory and accompany the expansion of the Museum’s collection in the area of vernacular photography.

Our online collection

See the collection

Our missions

Storage areas

Reserves

The Museum of Photography has three storage areas and each of them has its specificity. Why three storage areas? The purpose is to provide optimum storage for the different phototypes that make up the collection. Each of the storage areas is air-conditioned and its temperature is monitored.

One is intended for archiving small and medium sizes of positive prints in a flat position. Its relative humidity is 45-50% and its temperature is 16-17°C.
One is for conserving large formats. The hanging system is a grid panel. Its relative humidity is 45-50% and its temperature is 16-17°C.
The last storage area is for conserving negatives. Its relative humidity is 35-40% and its temperature is 4-5°C.

These standards, established by international museum institutions, are essential for the proper conservation of photographs. The fragile medium is particularly sensitive to outside agents such as light or hygrometry. Its manufacturing process, the elements composing it (metal, organic substance, paper, glue, etc.) and its various formats require handling with care and conserving it in appropriate areas meeting stable and controlled climatic standards.

Loans and gifts

You wish to make a gift or photographs and/or photographic cameras to the Museum? Please get in touch by phone (at 071 43 58 10) or by e- mail (mpc.info@museephoto.be) with the collections department so as to communicate a description and, if possible, a visual, of the archives concerned. We will not fail to get back to you subsequently to consider arrangements for organising a meeting and making an assessment of such a gift. The Museum does, however, reserve the right to make a selection from the archives according to documentary, aesthetic and technical criteria.

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Scientific advice

The result of being in direct contact with the collection is that we have developed knowledge, working techniques and specific expertise regarding this medium. The collection department assumes the role of the Museum’s “scientific advisor”. It shares its experience of the collection internally and externally by assisting in research, documentation, identification of photographic processes, conservation of the medium, etc. It constantly complements this knowledge through varied professional contacts and various learning schemes inside or outside the Museum.

Nicéphore Niépce Le point de vue du Gras France 1827 Coll. Musée Nicéphore Niépce

1827
Nicéphore Niépce was a French inventor credited with producing the first photographic image. Niépce called his process heliography, using a pewter plate coated with light-sensitive bitumen of Judea.
Studio Richard Beart Portrait studio Royaume Uni ca 1850 Coll. Musée MPC 90-411-2

10 August 1839
Louis-Jacques Mandé Daguerre registered the patent of the daguerreotype with the French Academy of Sciences and François Arago, an acknowledged scientist and member of the Academy of Sciences, officially declared recognition of the medium. Daguerre worked from 1829 to 1832 with Nicéphore Niépce. The daguerreotype is a highly polished silver surface on a copper plate sensitised to light by exposing it to iodine fumes. The image is both negative and positive depending on the angle from which it is observed.
Eugene Atget Rouen ca 1900 Coll. Musée MPC 90-480

1847
Invention of the negative made with albumen on glass by Abel Niépce de Saint-Victor. The binder used is egg white. The albumen sheet was developed in 1850.
Camille Simonet Portrait studio Châtelet 1899-1906 Coll. Musée MPC-92-2
Studio Jacoby Sans titre Belgique ca 1890 Coll. Musée MPC-85-124

1854
Development of multi-lens cameras; appearance of the carte de visite format, patented by the French inventor Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri.
Anonyme Sans titre Belgique ca 1900 Coll. Musée MPC-90-3690

1889
First negative film. The company founded by the American George Eastman, the Eastman Dry Plate and Film Company which would become, in 1892, the Eastman Kodak Company, developed and marketed easily usable cameras for the broad audience of photo enthusiasts.
Léon-Delange Sans titre France ca 1910 Coll. Musée MPC-2011-630-54

1907
Appearance of the Autochrome colour photography process of the Lumière company, first mass-scale marketing of a colour process. Firstly, on a glass plate and, from 1931, on a flexible substrate.
Anonyme Juin 70 Charleroi 1970 Coll. Musée MPC-2017-2-15

1935
Appearance of subtractive colour processes placed on the market by the Kodak company.
1940
Opening of the first department devoted to photography in a museum of modern art, in New York, in the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA).
Sony Mavica Digital MVC FD90 1x6 MP 2000 Coll Musée MPC-A-2016-6

1982
Introduction of the first camera by Sony, recording analogue images on a magnetic medium; its name: the Mavica.
Canon E05 300D Appareil Reflex-autofocus mono objectif capteur CM05 de 630-millions de pixels Coll. privée

1998
Marketing of the first upmarket digital cameras intended for professionals.

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Temporary exhibitions

If, since the nineteenth century, photography has captivated countless authors, painters and writers alongside photographers and has fuelled various artistic movements, the avant-gardes having contributed to its autonomy, only few of these avant-gardes can boast of having made use of photography with the same consistency and the same variety as surrealism.